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Australian Biological Resources Study

 
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Key to the Genera of Australian Lichens: Apothecial Crusts
H.T. Lumbsch, P.M. McCarthy & W.M. Malcolm
 
 

First published as Flora of Australia Supplementary Series Number 11 (2001, out of print)

 
 

1

Thallus growing on rock, bark, wood, soil or bryophytes

2

1:

Thallus growing on fern fronds, or on the leaves of shrubs or trees

179

     

2(1)

Primary photobiont blue-green; ascospores hyaline

3

2:

Primary photobiont green; cyanobiont lacking or segregated in cephalodia; ascospores hyaline or brown

11

     

3(2)

Ascospores simple

4

3:

Ascospores transversely septate to muriform

9

     

4(3)

Asci with 16–24 ascospores; thallus minutely filamentous, dark olive-green to blackish, tufted to areolate; cyanobiont Scytonema; filaments 1–2 mm long, 30–60 µm wide; apothecia to 0.4 mm diam.; disc plane, dark brown to black; thalline margin persistent; proper exciple absent; paraphyses anastomosing; asci cylindrical to clavate; ascospores ellipsoidal to subglobose, 7–12 × 5–8 µm; chemistry: nil

Zahlbrucknerella calcarea

4:

Asci with 8 ascospores

5

     

5(4:)

Cyanobiont single-celled or colonial, Chroococcidiopsis or Gloeocapsa; thallus crustose to minutely squamulose, blackish, gelatinous when wet; cortex poorly developed, paraplectenchymatous; ascomata perithecioid apothecia; disc pore-like to urceolate, red-brown to blackish; thalline margin prominent; proper exciple poorly developed to almost absent; hymenium amyloid to hemiamyloid, hamathecium of simple to sparingly branched paraphyses; asci unitunicate, with an amyloid tholus; ascospores globose to ellipsoidal; conidia ellipsoidal to bacilliform; chemistry: nil

Pyrenopsis

5:

Cyanobiont trichal, Nostoc, Scytonema or Stigonema

6

     

6(5:)

Thallus dwarf-fruticose to fruticose; cyanobiont Scytonema or Stigonema

7

6:

Thallus small-foliose to subcrustose; cyanobiont Nostoc

8

     

7(6)

Thallus blue-green to violet-brown, dichotomously branched, corticate; cyanobiont Scytonema; apothecia lateral, sessile, to 1.5 mm diam.; disc red-brown; proper exciple paler; thalline margin lacking; paraphyses thick, branched; ascospores ellipsoidal, 9–13 × 5.5–7 µm

Polychidium contortum

7

Thallus blackish; branches µterete, to 4 mm long, to 50 µm wide, comprising filaments of Stigonema surrounded by a network of hyphae, ecorticate; apothecia lateral, sessile, to 1 mm diam.; thalline margin lacking; disc convex; paraphyses thick, branched; ascospores ellipsoidal, 7–9 × 2.5–3.5 µm

Spilonema paradoxum

     

8(6:)

Apothecia with a thalline margin

Pannaria s. lat.

8:

Apothecia lacking a thalline margin

Parmeliella

     

9(3:)

Cyanobiont Scytonema or Stigonema; thallus crustose, often with a prominent blackish prothallus; ascospores 2–7-septate; proper exciple dark-pigmented; epihymenium greenish to brown-violet; hypothecium brownish; asci with amyloid tube structures, of Peltigera-type; conidia bacilliform to bifusiform; chemistry: nil

Placynthium

9:

Cyanobiont Nostoc

10

     

10(9:)

Apothecia zeorine; ascospores transversely septate to muriform; thallus small-foliose to foliose

Leptogium

10:

Apothecia biatorine, frequently coalescing; ascospores 1-septate, fusiform, 17–22 × 6–8 µm; thallus small-fruticose

Wawea fruticulosa

     

11(2:)

Photobiont chlorococcoid

12

11:

Photobiont trentepohlioid

150

     

12(11)

Ascospores brown

13

12:

Ascospores hyaline

29

     

13(12)

Ascospores muriform

14

13:

Ascospores simple or with transverse septa only

17

     

14(13)

Hymenium and asci non-amyloid; paraphyses simple and lax

15

14:

Hymenium and asci amyloid; paraphyses µbranched and anastomosing

16

     

15(14)

Asci 2-spored; proper exciple replaced by pigmented degenerated hymenium; thallus areolate, ochraceous, covered by an epinecral layer; ascomata lecideine apothecia; disc open to urceolate, brown to blackish; asci unitunicate; ascospores broadly ellipsoidal; conidia unknown; chemistry: nil

Ingvariella bispora

15:

Asci 4–8-spored; proper exciple paraplectenchymatous; thallus rimose to areolate, whitish grey, greenish grey or dark grey, covered by an epinecral layer; ascomata perithecioid, with urceolate discs or wide open and lecanorine; disc brown to blackish; asci unitunicate; ascospores ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsides and ß-orcinol depsidones

Diploschistes

     

16(14:)

Asci lacking a tholus; paraphyses simple to sparingly reticulate, with distinct pigmented caps; thallus verrucose or indistinct; apothecia dark brown to blackish; proper exciple brownish, paraplectenchymatous; epihymenium brownish; hypothecium yellowish to brown; asci 1-spored, of Lopadium-type; ascospores hyaline to brown, muriform, ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal; conidia unknown; chemistry: atranorin

Lopadium

16:

Asci with a tholus; paraphyses richly branched and anastomosing, without pigmented caps; thallus areolate, greenish yellow to yellow-green, white, grey, brown or rusty red, usually with a black prothallus; apothecia black, between or in areoles; proper exciple brownish with paler inner part; epihymenium brown or green, often containing anthraquinones (K+ red); hypothecium yellowish to dark brown; asci 1–8-spored, of Rhizocarpon-type; ascospores hyaline to brown, 1-septate to muriform, ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal, usually halonate; conidia bacilliform to acicular; chemistry: aliphatic substances, orcinol depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones, pulvinic acid derivatives

Rhizocarpon

     

17(13:)

Ascus tholus faintly amyloid; paraphyses simple to sparingly or richly branched and anastomosing; ascospores halonate or non-halonate

18

17:

Ascus tholus strongly amyloid; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched, not anastomosing; ascospores non-halonate

19

     

18(17)

Ascospores simple, with internal ring-like wall thickening which may resemble a septum, hyaline to brown; thallus areolate with a blackish prothallus; apothecia black, epruinose; proper exciple dark brown; hypothecium dark brown; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched and anastomosing; asci weakly amyloid; apex surrounded by diffuse amyloid gel; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: nil

Orphniospora moriopsis

18:

Ascospores with transverse septa [see 16:]

Rhizocarpon

     

19(17:)

Ascospore walls thin to evenly thickened

20

19:

Ascospore walls thick, multilayered

22

     

20(19)

Ascospore walls thin; thallus rimose; apothecia sessile, with blackish discs; thalline margin absent; true margin blackish; epihymenium brown to dark brown; hypothecium dark brown; paraphyses sparingly branched and thickened apically, asci of Lecanora-type; ascospores 1-septate, ellipsoidal; conidia unknown; chemistry: unknown

Rinodinella halophila

20:

Ascospore walls evenly thickened

21

     

21(20:)

Conidia filiform; thallus rimose to subsquamulose, whitish, grey or brown; apothecia sessile; thalline margin present or absent; proper exciple inconspicuous and hyaline to well-developed and blackish; epihymenium brown; hypothecium dark brown to yellowish; paraphyses branched and thickened apically; asci of Bacidia-type; ascospores 1-septate, ellipsoidal; chemistry: ß-orcinol depsidones or nil

Amandinea

21:

Conidia bacilliform; thallus rimose, areolate or placodioid, whitish, grey, brown or yellowish; apothecia sessile or immersed (cryptolecanorine), blackish; thalline margin prominent, thick or thin, absent when immersed; proper exciple inconspicuous and hyaline to well-developed and blackish; epihymenium brown to olive-green; hypothecium dark brown to yellowish; paraphyses branched and thickened apically; asci of Bacidia- or Lecanora-type; ascospores 1-septate to submuriform, ellipsoidal to fusiform; chemistry: depsides, depsidones, xanthones. [Throughout Australia ; corticolous, saxicolous and terricolous; c. 66/c. 400 spp.; cosmopolitan

Buellia s. lat.

     

22(19:)

Thallus small-foliose, effigurate or placodioid, sometimes minutely so (use hand lens!)

23

22:

Thallus crustose, not effigurate

26

     

23(22)

Apothecia lecideine

24

23:

Apothecia lecanorine or cryptolecanorine

25

     

24(23)

Thallus terricolous, indistinctly placodioid, whitish grey; ascospore walls uniformly thin

Buellia s. lat.

24:

Thallus saxicolous, distinctly placodioid to small-foliose, whitish grey to grey; ascospore walls unevenly thickened; ascomata brown to blackish, with thick blackish margins; disc red-brown to blackish; paraphyses simple, capitate; asci of Lecanora-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsides, depsidones, diphenylether, bis-xanthones

Diploicia

     

25(23:)

Thallus crustose, effigurate; ascospore walls uniformly thin to slightly thickened; hypothecium hyaline to dark; apothecia lecanorine to biatorine or lecideine (but cryptolecanorine when young); disc dark brown to blackish; paraphyses simple, capitate; asci of Bacidia-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones, usnic acid, xanthones

Dimelaena

25:

Thallus subcrustose to small-foliose, lobed, at least at the margin; ascospore walls unevenly thickened; hypothecium pale to dark brown; thallus whitish to pale grey, with or without soralia; lower surface dark brown, with rhizines; apothecia lecanorine; disc reddish brown, frequently white- or purple-pruinose; paraphyses simple, capitate; ascospores ellipsoidal; chemistry: depsides, terpenes, xanthones

Dirinaria

     

26(22:)

Ascospore walls uniformly thickened

27

26:

Ascospores walls unevenly thickened

28

     

27(26)

Conidia filiform [see 21]

Amandinea

27:

Conidia bacilliform [see 21:]

Buellia s. lat.

     

28(26:)

Ascospores of Callispora-type; apothecia lecideine; thallus thin, grey or brown; proper exciple brownish-pigmented; epihymenium brown to blackish; hypothecium dark brown; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched and thickened apically; asci of Bacidia-type; ascospores acutely ellipsoidal to ellipsoidal; conidia ellipsoidal; chemistry: depsides, depsidones

Hafellia

28:

Ascospores of other types; apothecia lecanorine to lecideine; thallus grey or brown; proper exciple hyaline to brownish-pigmented; epihymenium brown to blackish; hypothecium hyaline or brown to blackish; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched apically, thickened apically; asci of Lecanora-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsides, depsidones

Rinodina

     

29(12:)

Asci with 16 or more ascospores30

30

29:

Asci with 1–8 (–16) ascospores

39

     

30(29)

Apothecia lecanorine or cryptolecanorine

31

30:

Apothecia biatorine or lecideine

34

     

31(30)

Asci with 16–32 ascospores

32

31:

Asci with at least 50, but usually more than 100 ascospores

33

     

32(31)

Thallus yellowish, containing pulvinic acid derivatives; apothecia yellowish; thalline margin persistent; proper exciple indistinct; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium yellow-brown, granular; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched and thickened apically; asci of Lecanora-type; conidia ellipsoidal to bacilliform

Candelariella

32:

Thallus brown, glossy, containing unidentified substances; apothecia brownish; proper exciple indistinct; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium brown; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched apically; asci of Lecanora-type; conidia ellipsoidal to bacilliform

Maronina australiensis

     

33(31:)

Apothecia lecanorine, sessile, dark brown to blackish; thallus corticolous, thin, continuous to rimose, green-grey to brownish; thalline margin of apothecia well-developed, 25–100 µm thick; proper exciple poorly developed; paraphyses sparingly branched and thickened apically; asci of Fuscidea-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: nil

Maronea constans

33:

Apothecia cryptolecanorine, immersed, hyaline or grey; thallus saxicolous or terricolous, areolate to subsquamulose, yellow or brown to grey; thalline margin of apothecia indistinct; proper exciple absent; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched, commonly moniliform; asci non-amyloid; ascospores globose to ellipsoidal; conidia globose to ellipsoidal; chemistry: orcinol depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones, pulvinic acid derivatives

Acarospora

     

34(30:)

Apothecia biatorine

35

34:

Apothecia lecideine

36

     

35(34)

Apothecia lacking crystals, K–; thallus thin; apothecia pale pinkish or pale reddish brown, sessile; proper exciple hyaline, paraplectenchymatous; epihymenium yellowish to red-brown; hypothecium yellowish; paraphyses simple, branched apically; asci of different types; ascospores globose to bacilliform; conidia unknown; chemistry: unknown

"Biatorella"

35:

Apothecia covered with orange to red crystals or whitish, K+ purple or K–; thallus thin; apothecia sessile; proper exciple with radiating paraplectenchymatous hyphae; epihymenium brown to red-brown, interspersed with crystals; hypothecium pigmented; paraphyses simple, branched apically; asci with an amyloid tholus, relatively thick-walled; ascospores globose; conidia globose to broadly ellipsoidal; chemistry: anthraquinones and unknown substances

Piccolia

     

36(34:)

Apothecia immersed; thallus grey to brown, glossy, areolate; prothallus distinct, blackish; proper exciple brownish black or µabsent; epihymenium brown to olive-brown; hypothecium brown; paraphyses simple, branched apically; asci of Catillaria-type; ascospores globose to ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: orcinol depsides

Sporastatia

36:

Apothecia sessile; thallus not glossy, not areolate

37

     

37(36:)

Apothecial disc umbonate, often becoming gyrose; hamathecium of richly branched and anastomosing paraphyses; thallus thin; apothecia black; proper exciple carbonised at margin; epihymenium brown; hypothecium hyaline to brown; asci similar to Aspicilia-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia ellipsoidal; chemistry: nil

Polysporina

37:

Apothecial disc not umbonate or gyrose; hamathecium of simple paraphyses

38

     

38(37:)

Apothecial disc plane, often pruinose; thallus thin; apothecia black; proper exciple carbonised at margin; epihymenium brown; hypothecium hyaline to brown; asci similar to Aspicilia-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia ellipsoidal; chemistry: nil

Sarcogyne

38:

Apothecial disc becoming strongly convex, epruinose; thallus thin, scurfy, membranous or leprose; apothecia red-brown to black; proper exciple rudimentary to well-developed and cupular, not carbonised; asci Aphanopsis-type; ascospores subglobose to globose; conidia ellipsoidal or not seen; chemistry: nil

Steinia

     

39(29:)

Ascospores with 1 or more transverse septa, or polarilocular, or muriform

40

39:

Ascospores simple

82

     

40(39)

Ascospores polarilocular, with 2 or more locules

41

40:

Ascospores transversely septate to muriform; ascospore wall thin or thickened

43

     

41(40)

Epihymenium K–, lacking anthraquinones; ascospores with 2 locules; thallus crustose, grey; apothecia biatorine, brownish; apothecia sessile; proper exciple prosoplectenchymatous, hyaline to brownish; epihymenium brown; hypothecium hyaline to brown; hymenium interspersed with oil droplets; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched apically; asci of Fuscidea-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsidones, triterpenoids, usnic acid

Megaloblastenia

41:

Epihymenium K+ violet, containing anthraquinones; ascospores with 2 or more locules

42

     

42 (41:)

Ascospores with 2 (1 sp. with 3) locules; asci of Teloschistes-type, 8-spored; thallus crustose to placodioid, yellow-orange, whitish, grey or black, K– or K+ violet; apothecia yellow to red, brown or black; thalline margin and proper exciple present or absent; epihymenium usually interspersed with crystals; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses simple to branched and thickened apically; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia ellipsoidal to bacilliform; chemistry: anthraquinones, usnic acid and unknowns

Caloplaca

42:

Ascospores with more than 2 locules; asci of Letrouitia-type, 2–8-spored; thallus greenish, olive or yellowish orange, K– or K+ violet; apothecia biatorine, orange to red; epihymenium yellowish brown, interspersed with crystals; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses simple to branched apically; ascospores ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: anthraquinones

Letrouitia

     

43(40:)

Ascospores with 1 septum

44

43:

Ascospores with more than 1 septum

58

     

44(43)

Hymenial gel non-amyloid; paraphyses simple; thallus effuse, gelatinous when moist; apothecia with urceolate discs, whitish to pale yellow, c. 0.2 mm diam.; proper exciple pseudoparenchymatous; hypothecium hyaline to yellowish; asci cylindrical, thin-walled but with a distinct tholus, 8-spored; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia unknown; chemistry: nil

Absconditella delutula

44:

Hymenial gel amyloid; paraphyses simple or branched

45

     

45(44:)

Apothecia lecanorine or cryptolecanorine

46

45:

Apothecia biatorine or lecideine or lacking a margin

48

     

46(45)

Thallus squamulose; asci of Catillaria-type; ascospores non-halonate; apothecia sessile; thalline margin present or becoming excluded; proper exciple pseudoparenchymatous; hypothecium hyaline to brown; epihymenium brown; paraphyses simple, capitate; ascospores ellipsoidal to fusiform; conidia ellipsoidal; chemistry: depsides, depsidones and unknowns

Solenopsora

46:

Thallus crustose; asci of different types; ascospores halonate or non-halonate

47

     

47(46:)

Ascospores halonate; asci of Catillaria-type; apothecia sessile to subimmersed; thalline margin present or µabsent; proper exciple thin; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium red-brown; paraphyses sparingly branched, capitate; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsides, triterpenoids

Halecania australis

47:

Ascospores non-halonate; asci of Bacidia-type; apothecia sessile; thalline margin present; proper exciple thin, prosoplectenchymatous; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium brown; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched, capitate; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsides

Lecania

     

48(45:)

Apothecia lacking a margin

49

48:

Apothecia with a proper exciple, at least when young

50

     

49(48)

Asci thick-walled, amyloid except for apical pore; hymenial gel lacking; thallus goniocystal; apothecia roundish to irregular; no distinct hypothecium or epihymenium formed; paraphyses branched and anastomosing; ascospores simple to transversely septate; conidia ellipsoidal; chemistry: nil

Vezdaea

49:

Asci with a distinct tholus, amyloid, with amyloid ring structure in tholus; hymenial gel present; thallus effuse (some species goniocystal); apothecia roundish, sessile; hypothecium hyaline or pigmented; epihymenium variously coloured; paraphyses branched and anastomosing; ascospores simple to transversely septate; conidia of different shapes; chemistry: benzyl esters, depsides, depsidones, diphenyl ethers, xanthones

Micarea

     

50(48:)

Ascospores halonate; paraphyses richly branched and anastomosing; growing on siliceous rocks [see 16:]

Rhizocarpon

50:

Ascospores non-halonate; paraphyses simple or branched; growing on various substrata

51

     

51(50:)

Hymenium interspersed with oil droplets; ascospores relatively thick-walled, 30–165 µm long; thallus grey; apothecia biatorine, brownish, sessile; proper exciple prosoplectenchymatous, hyaline to brownish; epihymenium brown; hypothecium hyaline to brown; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched apically; asci of Megalospora-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsidones, triterpenoids, usnic acid

Megalospora

51:

Hymenium clear; ascospores thin-walled

52

     

52(51:)

Apothecia yellowish to pale orange-brown

53

52:

Apothecia red-brown to dark brown or blackish

54

     

53(52)

Asci of Bacidia-type; apothecia biatorine or zeorine, sessile; proper exciple well-developed, of radiating hyphae, containing small crystals; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses simple or sparingly branched; ascospores narrowly ellipsoidal to bacilliform, 1 (–3)-septate; conidia ellipsoidal; chemistry: aliphatic compounds, depsides, depsidones, triterpenoids, usnic acid

Cliostomum

53:

Asci of Fellhanera-type; apothecia biatorine, sessile; proper exciple paraplectenchymatous; hypothecium hyaline to brown; paraphyses sparingly branched; ascospores narrowly ellipsoidal to bacilliform, 1-septate to multiseptate; conidia bottle-shaped; chemistry: triterpenoids, usnic acid

Fellhanera

     

54(52:)

Asci of Catillaria- or Lecanora-type

55

54:

Asci of Bacidia-type

56

     

55(54)

Asci of Catillaria-type; paraphyses with distinct external pigment caps; ascospores <20 µm long; thallus immersed to areolate, greyish to blackish; apothecia sessile; proper exciple persistent, of radiating hyphae; hypothecium hyaline to brown, ascospores thin-walled; conidia ellipsoidal to bacilliform; chemistry: nil

Catillaria

55:

Asci of Lecanora-type; paraphyses lacking distinct external pigment caps; ascospores >20 µm long; thallus immersed to effuse, greyish; apothecia biatorine, sessile; proper exciple persistent, of radiating hyphae; hypothecium hyaline to brown; ascospores thick-walled; conidia ellipsoidal to bacilliform; chemistry: nil

Megalaria

     

56(54:)

Photobiont a species of Trentepohlia; ascospores halonate; conidia bacilliform

Catinaria

56:

Photobiont a species of Trebouxia; ascospores non-halonate; conidia ellipsoidal or filiform

57

     

57(56:)

Paraphyses sparingly branched, thickened apically, usually with pigmented caps; conidia filiform; thallus crustose to squamulose, grey, whitish, greenish or brownish, thin to thick; apothecia biatorine, black, often pruinose; proper exciple of radiating hyphae; hypothecium hyaline to dark brown; epihymenium grey, green or brown; ascospores 1–9-septate, ellipsoidal to acicular; chemistry: unknowns

Toninia

57:

Paraphyses richly branched, not thickened apically, lacking pigmented caps; conidia ellipsoidal; thallus crustose, whitish, rather thick; apothecia biatorine, black, epruinose; proper exciple prosoplectenchymatous; hypothecium hyaline to pale brown; epihymenium dark brown; ascospores simple or 1-septate, narrowly ellipsoidal; chemistry: depsides and depsidones

Tylothallia pahiensis

     

58(43:)

Ascospores muriform

59

58:

Ascospores with transverse septa only

65

     

59(58)

Hymenial gel and asci non-amyloid (or asci faintly amyloid)

60

59:

Hymenial gel and asci amyloid or hemiamyloid

61

     

60(59)

Paraphyses simple; asci 1–8-spored; thallus thin, effuse; hyphophores absent; apothecia biatorine or zeorine, brown; proper exciple of radiating hyphae; hypothecium hyaline; ascospores ellipsoidal; chemistry: nil

Gyalidea

60:

Paraphyses richly branched and anastomosing; asci 2–8-spored; thallus thin, effuse, often with hyphophores; apothecia biatorine, brown to blackish; proper exciple of anastomosing hyphae; hypothecium hyaline; ascospores ellipsoidal; chemistry: nil

Gyalideopsis

     

61(59:)

Epihymenium K+ violet; apothecia containing anthraquinones

62

61:

Epihymenium K–; apothecia lacking anthraquinones

63

     

62(61)

Thallus whitish or grey, lacking anthraquinone; asci 1 (–2)-spored; apothecia sessile with a thick proper exciple, of radiating hyphae; hypothecium hyaline to brown; paraphyses branched apically; asci clavate-cylindrical, thick-walled with a distinct amyloid tholus; conidia bacilliform to subfusiform; chemistry: anthraquinones, depsides, triterpenoids, usnic acid

Brigantiaea

62:

Thallus yellowish, containing anthraquinones, K– or K+ violet; asci 2–8-spored [see 42:]

Letrouitia

     

63(61:)

Ascospores halonate [see 16:]

Rhizocarpon

63:

Ascospores non-halonate

64

     

64(63:)

Hymenium interspersed with oil droplets; paraphyses lacking pigmented caps; thallus grey; apothecia biatorine, brownish, with blackish margins, sessile; proper exciple hyaline to brownish; epihymenium brown; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched apically; asci of Fuscidea-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsidones, triterpenoids

Austroblastenia pupa

64:

Hymenium clear; paraphyses with pigmented caps [see 16]

Lopadium

     

65(58:)

Hymenial gel non-amyloid

66

65:

Hymenial gel amyloid

70

     

66(65)

Thallus citrine yellow to bright yellow; juvenile phase sometimes parasitic on other lichens

67

66:

Thallus whitish grey, brown or almost lacking, parasitic or free-living

68

     

67(66)

Thallus areolate, terricolous; juvenile thalli sometimes parasitic on Baeomyces spp.; apothecia blackish, sessile or between areoles, urceolate to plane; proper exciple of lax hyphae; pseudoparaphyses branched and anastomosing; hymenium interspersed with oil droplets; asci cylindrical, 8-spored, bitunicate; ascospores cylindrical to acicular, 7–12-septate; chemistry: pulvinic acid derivatives

Arthrorhaphis

67:

Thallus leprose, corticolous or saxicolous, not parasitic; apothecia very rare, yellowish; apothecial margin thin, soon becoming excluded; proper exciple poorly developed, hyaline; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses branched and anastomosing; asci broadly clavate, 8-spored, bitunicate; ascospores obovoid to ellipsoidal, hyaline, 3-septate; chemistry: pulvinic acid derivatives

Chrysothrix candelaris

     

68(66:)

Thallus parasitic on Baeomyces spp. [see 67]

Arthrorhaphis

68:

Thallus not parasitic

69

     

69(68:)

Paraphyses richly branched and anastomosing [see 60:]

Gyalideopsis

69:

Paraphyses simple [see 60]

Gyalidea

     

70(65:)

Apothecia lecanorine; disc red to red-brown; thallus whitish to grey; apothecia subimmersed to sessile; thalline margin persistent; proper exciple reduced; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium granular, red-brown to red or orange-brown; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched apically; asci of Haematomma-type; ascospores fusiform to acicular; conidia filiform to bacilliform; chemistry: depsides, dibenzofurans, naphthoquinones

Haematomma

70:

Apothecia biatorine, zeorine, lecideine or immarginate

71

     

71(70:)

Apothecia immarginate; thallus byssoid; apothecia yellowish grey; margin excluded from a very early stage; paraphyses conglutinate and heavily anastomosing; asci 8-spored, of Bacidia-type; ascospores filiform-acicular with 2–4 septa; pycnidia unknown; chemistry: depsidones and usnic acid

Jarmania tristis

71:

Apothecia with a proper exciple; thallus crustose to squamulose or small-foliose

72

     

72(71:)

Ascospores halonate; paraphyses richly branched and anastomosing; ascus tholus faintly amyloid [see 16:]

Rhizocarpon

72:

Ascospores non-halonate; paraphyses sparingly branched; ascus tholus amyloid

73

     

73(72:)

Hymenium interspersed with oil droplets; ascospores 3-septate, ellipsoidal, with thick septa [see 64]

Austroblastenia pauciseptata

73:

Hymenium clear; ascospores with various numbers of thin septa, ellipsoidal to filiform

74

     

74(73:)

Thallus squamulose to subfoliose

75

74:

Thallus crustose

76

     

75(74)

Thallus subfoliose; apothecia zeorine, containing divaricatic and alectorialic acids; corticolous; thallus greenish grey, isdiate or not; apothecia constricted at base; proper exciple prosoplectenchymatous; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium yellowish brown; paraphyses relatively thick, not thickened apically; asci of Bacidia-type; ascospores 1–3-septate, filiform; conidia filiform

Physcidia australasica

75:

Thallus squamulose; apothecia biatorine, containing unknown compounds or lacking secondary metabolites; saxicolous or terricolous [see 57]

Toninia

     

76(74:)

Asci of Fellhanera-type (with tube-like structures)

77

76:

Asci of Bacidia- or Lecanora-type

79

     

77(76)

Apothecial margin byssoid [see 194]

Byssoloma

77:

Apothecial margin well-defined, not byssoid

78

     

78(77:)

Ascospores acicular to filiform; apothecial disc pale yellow to orange-brown; conidia bottle-shaped [see 53:]

Fellhanera

78:

Ascospores ellipsoidal to bacilliform; apothecial disc dark brown to blackish; apothecia sessile; proper exciple prosoplectenchymatous; hypothecium hyaline to dark brown; epihymenium brown or greenish; paraphyses sparingly branched and thickened apically; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: unknown

Mycobilimbia auct.

     

79(76:)

Proper exciple poorly developed, consisting of paraphysis-like hyphae; ascospores spirally twisted; asci of Lecanora-type; thallus thin; apothecia sessile; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium hyaline or brownish, granulose or not; paraphyses reticulately branched; conidia: macroconidia rod-shaped; microconidia curved; chemistry: nil

Scoliciosporum

79:

Proper exciple well-developed; ascospores variable; asci of Bacidia- or Lecanora-type

80

     

80(79:)

Proper exciple of thin-walled pseudoparenchymatous cells; asci of Lecanora-type; apothecia sessile, biatorine, pale pink or pale orange to dark brown, epruinose; hypothecium hyaline to brown; epihymenium hyaline to brownish; paraphyses sparingly branched; ascospores acicular to bacilliform; conidia various; chemistry: nil

Bacidina

80:

Proper exciple of thick-walled paraplectenchymatous cells; asci of Bacidia-type (closely related genera; distinction uncertain)

81

     

81(80:)

Proper exciple composed of furcate hyphae; thallus crustose, on various substrata; apothecia sessile, biatorine or lecideine, pale pink or pale orange to dark brown or black, epruinose or slightly pruinose; hypothecium hyaline to brown; epihymenium hyaline to brownish; paraphyses sparingly branched; ascospores acicular to bacilliform or fusiform; conidia various; chemistry: depsides, triterpenoids; most species lacking secondary metabolites

Bacidia

81:

Proper exciple composed of anastomosing hyphae; thallus crustose to squamulose, saxicolous or terricolous [see 57:]

Toninia

     

82(39:)

Apothecia yellow to red, K+ violet or K–

83

82:

Apothecia not yellow to red, K–

89

     

83(82)

Epihymenium K+ violet, containing anthraquinones

84

83:

Epihymenium K–, lacking anthraquinones

87

     

84(83)

Apothecia lecanorine, sessile; ascospores simple or 1-septate; thallus subsquamulose; squamules scattered to placodioid, often with schizidia; ascospores ellipsoidal to pyriform, occasionally 1-septate; conidia simple, bacilliform

Fulgensia

84:

Apothecia biatorine; ascospores simple; thallus crustose

85

     

85(84:)

Asci and hymenium non-amyloid or slightly amyloid; hymenium interspersed with granules and oil droplets; thallus continuous or areolate, grey; apothecia sessile; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium yellow-brown to reddish brown, granular; paraphyses simple, thickened apically; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform to falcate; chemistry: anthraquinones

Miltidea ceroplasta

85:

Asci and hymenium strongly amyloid; hymenium clear

86

     

86(85:)

Asci of Porpidia-type; thallus on limestone, grey to brownish or immersed; apothecia sessile or immersed; proper exciple poorly developed, prosoplectenchymatous; hypothecium hyaline to pale brown; epihymenium orange-brown, granular; paraphyses sparingly branched; asci 8-spored; ascospores ellipsoidal to globose; conidia unknown; chemistry: anthraquinones

Protoblastenia

86:

Asci of Lecanora-type; thallus on bark, grey or whitish to yellowish; apothecia sessile to immersed; proper exciple prosoplectenchymatous; hypothecium hyaline to brown; epihymenium red-brown to orange-brown, granular; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched; asci 8 (–16)-spored; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia filiform; chemistry: anthraquinones, depsides, depsidones, usnic acid, xanthones

Pyrrhospora

87(83:)

Ascospores ornamented with transverse ridges and furrows; asci of Fellhanera-type; thallus goniocystal or with globose isidia, greyish green; apothecia biatorine, orange, constricted at the base; disc plane; proper exciple pseudoparenchymatous, brownish yellow, containing K+ yellowish granules, initially prominent, evanescent; paraphyses simple with swollen apices; ascospores broadly ellipsoidal, sometimes 1-septate when immature; chemistry: not known

Malcolmiella

87:

Ascospores not ornamented; asci not of Fellhanera-type

88

     

88(87:)

Apothecia immarginate or with a thin proper exciple; thallus leprose to leprose-granular; apothecia sessile; proper exciple indistinct, of radiating hyphae; hypothecium hyaline to brown; epihymenium hyaline to yellow-brown; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched and anastomosing; asci of Micarea-type; ascospores oblong-ovoid to dacryoid; conidia unknown; chemistry: depsides, dibenzofurans, pulvinic acid derivatives, terpenoids

Psilolechia

88:

Apothecia lecanorine; thallus verrucose [see 32]

Candelariella

     

89(82:)

Apothecia lacking a margin

90

89:

Apothecia with a proper exciple or thalline margin

92

     

90(89)

Thallus byssoid; apothecia pale cream to pinkish; exciple absent or excluded from a very early stage; epihymenium pale yellow-brown; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses sparingly branched; asci 8-spored, of Micarea-type; ascospores bacilliform to globose; conidia ellipsoidal; chemistry: atranorin, ß-orcinol depsidones

Roccellinastrum

90:

Thallus crustose

91

     

91(90:)

Thallus leprose to leprose-granular [see 87]

Psilolechia

91:

Thallus not leprose [see 49:]

Micarea

     

92(89:)

Apothecia lecanorine or cryptolecanorine

93

92:

Apothecia biatorine or lecideine

109

     

93(92)

Ascospores usually >30 µm long, often thick-walled; paraphyses reticulately branched or simple; hypothecium hyaline, of same structure as proper exciple

94

93:

Ascospores usually smaller and thin-walled; paraphyses simple to branched; hypothecium of various colours, usually of different structure to proper exciple

96

     

94(93)

Ascomata apothecioid with a pseudodisc, but opening via a pore-like ostiole only and having lateral paraphyses; thallus verrucose, containing cephalodia; proper exciple thin, prosoplectenchymatous; epihymenium hyaline; paraphyses simple; asci non-amyloid; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsidones

Coccotrema

94:

Ascomata apothecioid or perithecioid, with open discs or with pore-like ostiole; lateral paraphyses absent; thallus lacking cephalodia; paraphyses reticulately branched

95

     

95(94:)

Hymenial gel and asci amyloid; ascospore wall single-layered; thallus verrucose; proper exciple thin, prosoplectenchymatous; epihymenium hyaline to yellowish brown; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: aliphatic acids, depsides, depsidones, xanthones

Ochrolechia

95:

Hymenial gel non-amyloid; asci amyloid, ascospore wall single or 2-layered; thallus verrucose; proper exciple thin, prosoplectenchymatous; epihymenium hyaline to yellowish brown; ascospores ellipsoidal to fusiform; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: aliphatic acids, benzyl esters, depsides, depsidones, depsones, xanthones

Pertusaria

     

96(93:)

Hymenial gel non-amyloid or faintly amyloid; paraphyses either moniliform or not conglutinate

97

96:

Hymenial gel amyloid; paraphyses conglutinate

102

     

97(96)

Paraphyses not conglutinate; apothecia lecanorine

98

97:

Paraphyses moniliform; apothecia cryptolecanorine

99

     

98(97)

Thallus placodioid, with cephalodia; apothecia sessile to (sub)immersed; proper exciple well-developed; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium yellowish brown; asci of Trapelia-type, but non-amyloid; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia filiform; chemistry: ß-orcinol depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones

Placopsis

98:

Thallus crustose, lacking cephalodia; apothecia sessile; proper exciple well-developed; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium yellowish brown; asci of Trapelia-type, faintly amyloid; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform to filiform; chemistry: ß-orcinol depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones

Trapelia

     

99(97:)

Thallus very thin, continuous to rimose, aquatic; apothecia immersed; proper exciple reduced; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium yellowish brown to red-brown; asci of Hymenelia-type; ascospores broadly ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: nil

Ionaspis lacustris

99:

Thallus thin to thick, areolate or effigurate, rarely aquatic

100

     

100(99:)

Thallus lobate at margin, white, greyish or brownish; proper exciple reduced; epihymenium brown; hypothecium hyaline; asci cylindrical, 4–8-spored; ascospores broadly ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: ß-orcinol depsidones

Lobothallia radiosa

100:

Thallus not lobate at margin

101

     

101(100:)

Thallus with grey to dark red-brown cephalodia between areolae, pale yellow-grey to yellowish brown, C+ pink; ascus tholus partly amyloid; thalline margin and proper exciple poorly developed; epihymenium brown to green; hypothecium hyaline to pale brown; asci 8-spored, elongate-clavate; ascospores ellipsoidal, 20–40 × 9–18 µm; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: orcinol depsides

Amygdalaria pelobotryon

101:

Thallus lacking cephalodia, white, greyish or brownish; ascus tholus non-amyloid; thalline margin and proper exciple poorly developed; epihymenium brown to green; hypothecium hyaline to yellowish brown; asci 4–8-spored, clavate to cylindrical; ascospores ellipsoidal to globose; conidia bacilliform to ellipsoidal; chemistry: fatty acids, ß-orcinol depsidones, terpenoids

Aspicilia

     

102(96:)

Apothecia cryptolecanorine; asci of Porpidia-type; thallus areolate; thalline margin thin, indistinct; proper exciple poorly developed; paraphyses slightly thickened apically; epihymenium brown; hypothecium hyaline; ascospores ellipsoidal, halonate; perispore (halo) amyloid; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: ß-orcinol depsidones (norstictic acid chemosyndrome)

Bellemerea alpina

102:

Apothecia lecanorine; asci of other types

103

     

103(102)

Apothecia with prominent marginal hairs; thallus inconspicuous or verrucose, on soil and mosses

Psoroma

103:

Apothecia lacking marginal hairs

104

     

104(103:)

Ascospores curved, spiralled in the ascus; asci of Ophioparma-type; thallus pale; apothecia zeorine; thalline layer evanescent in some species (then apothecia appearing lecideine); proper exciple hyaline, of radiating hyphae, interspersed with granules; hypothecium hyaline to brown; epihymenium brownish to blackish; hymenium interspersed with oil droplets; paraphyses simple, not conglutinate; ascospores simple (3–7-septate in non-Australian species); conidia rod-shaped; chemistry: depsides (thamnolic acid chemosyndrome)

Sarrameana

104:

Ascospores neither curved nor spiralled in the ascus; asci not of Ophioparma-type

105

     

105(104:)

Apothecial disc black; hymenium often violaceous; hypothecium dark; thallus crustose to subfruticose, whitish to grey; apothecia lecanorine or lecideine; proper exciple thin or (in lecideine species) thick; hypothecium brown to dark brown; epihymenium purple to blackish green; paraphyses sparingly branched; ascus of Biatora-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia ellipsoidal to bacilliform; chemistry: aliphatic acids, depsides, depsidones, usnic acid

Tephromela

105:

Apothecial disc not black; hymenium hyaline; hypothecium hyaline to brown

106

     

106(105:)

Thallus subsquamulose, yellowish green, on soil; apothecia zeorine, sessile, constricted at the base; disc orange-brown, slightly grey-pruinose; thalline margin corticate; proper exciple cupulate; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium greyish brown, granulose; paraphyses sparingly branched apically; asci of Biatora-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: meta-depsides, usnic acid

Ramalinora glaucolivida

106:

Thallus not subsquamulose or yellowish green; not growing on soil

107

     

107(106:)

Thallus umbilicate, squamulose or placodioid, yellowish, white or pale brown, apothecia adnate to stipitate; disc flesh-coloured, yellowish, brown or black, plane to convex, with or without pruina; thalline margin bi-layered; asci 8-spored; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia not known; chemistry: psoromic and usnic acids, µzeorin

Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca

107:

Thallus crustose to placodioid

108

     

108 (107:)

Thallus pale to medium brown, containing lobaric acid, rimose to areolate; apothecia sessile, constricted at base; thalline margin persistent; proper exciple cupulate; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium brown to red-brown; paraphyses sparingly branched; asci of Lecanora-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: lobaric acid

Protoparmelia badia

108:

Thallus of various colours, usually not brown, not containing lobaric acid; apothecia immersed, sessile or constricted at base; thalline margin usually present, generally conspicuous and concolorous with thallus, in some species inconspicuous, reduced or becoming excluded; hypothecium hyaline or brown; epihymenium usually pigmented, with or without crystals; paraphyses sparingly branched apically; asci of Lecanora-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia filiform, bacilliform or falcate; chemistry: atranorin or usnic acid or xanthones, and a wide range of depsides, depsidones, fatty acids, terpenoids

Lecanora

     

109(92:)

Ascospores >40 µm long, 2 per ascus; apothecia black; proper exciple well-developed; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium blackish; paraphyses branched; asci amyloid; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: unknown

Mycoblastus campbellianus

109:

Ascospores <40 µm long; asci usually 8-spored

110

     

110(109:)

Hamathecium and asci not or faintly amyloid

111

110:

Hamathecium and asci strongly amyloid (lecideoid lichens: determination requires examination of ascus type)

116

     

111(110:)

Asci lacking a tholus; hymenial gel absent; thallus crustose or subsquamulose; apothecia biatorine; proper exciple cupulate, brown; hypothecium brown to hyaline; epihymenium greenish brown; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched; ascus of Schaereria-type; ascospores globose to ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform or filiform; chemistry: orcinol depsides

Schaereria

111:

Asci with a tholus; hymenial gel present

112

     

112(111:)

Hymenium interspersed with granules and oil droplets; epihymenium K+ violet [see 85]

Miltidea ceroplasta

112:

Hymenium clear; epihymenium K

113

     

113(112:)

Thallus grey to greenish grey

114

113:

Thallus brown, dark grey or blackish

115

     

114(113)

Paraphyses sparingly branched [see 98:]

Trapelia

114:

Paraphyses richly branched; thallus crustose to subsquamulose; apothecia biatorine, orange-brown to pale brown or blackish brown; proper exciple hyaline to brownish, well-developed; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium hyaline to brownish; asci of Trapelia-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform to filiform; chemistry: anthraquinones (in one species), orcinol depsides

Trapeliopsis

     

115(113:)

Paraphyses swollen apically; asci of Trapelia-type; thallus granular to goniocystal, blackish brown; apothecia brown to black, biatorine; proper exciple brown; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium dark brown; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia unknown; chemistry: orcinol depsides

Placynthiella

115:

Paraphyses not swollen apically; asci of Rimularia-type; thallus continuous to areolate, brownish; apothecia brown to black, lecideine; proper exciple blackish brown; hypothecium dark brown; epihymenium dark brown; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: orcinol depsides and ß-orcinol depsidones

Rimularia

     

116(110:)

Thallus leprose-arachnoid to byssoid, white, pale grey or pale bluish grey, ecorticate; prothallus distinct, white, grey or black; apothecia shortly stipitate; proper exciple well-developed; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses indistinct; asci cylindrical; ascospores thin-walled; conidia unknown; chemistry: atranorin, stictic acid, zeorin

Crocynia

116:

Thallus crustose or subsquamulose to squamulose

117

     

117(116:)

Thallus corticolous or lignicolous

118

117:

Thallus saxicolous, muscicolous or terricolous

124

     

118(117)

Thallus subsquamulose to squamulose

119

118:

Thallus crustose

120

     

119(118)

Apothecia pale brown to reddish brown; prothallus arachnoid; thallus greenish grey to pale brown; apothecia biatorine, sessile; true exciple of radiating hyphae; hypothecium hyaline to brown; epihymenium indistinct; paraphyses sparingly branched; asci of Biatora-type; ascospores ellipsoidal to fusiform; conidia filiform; chemistry: depsides, depsidones and triterpenoids

Phyllopsora

119:

Apothecia dark brown to blackish; prothallus crustose; thallus pale grey to dark brown; apothecia sessile; true exciple of radiating hyphae, hyaline to brown; hypothecium hyaline to brown; epihymenium green or brown; paraphyses sparingly branched; asci of Biatora- or Lecanora-type; ascospores ellipsoidal to fusiform; conidia subglobose to filiform; chemistry: depsides, depsidones and unknowns

Hypocenomyce

     

120(118:)

Asci of Lecanora-type

121

120:

Asci of other types

123

     

121(120)

Ascospores with a thick 2-layered wall; thallus areolate to verrucose; apothecia sessile, grey, brown or blackish, biatorine; proper exciple prosoplectenchymatous; epihymenium brownish, granular; ascospores narrowly ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform to filiform; chemistry: depsides, xanthones

Tasmidella variabilis

121:

Ascospores with a thin single-layered wall

122

     

122(121:)

Paraphyses simple to sparingly branched apically, not conglutinate; asci and paraphyses easily separated in KOH; hypothecium hyaline or brown; thallus continuous to verrucose; apothecia sessile, blackish, biatorine; proper exciple of radiating hyphae; epihymenium greenish grey to blackish green or green-black; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia filiform; chemistry: depsides, depsidones, triterpenoids, xanthones

Lecidella

122:

Paraphyses branched and anastomosing, conglutinate; asci and paraphyses not easily separated in KOH; hypothecium hyaline; thallus areolate or effuse; apothecia sessile, dark brown to blackish, biatorine; proper exciple of radiating hyphae; epihymenium orange-brown to dark olive brown; ascospores narrowly ellipsoidal; conidia filiform; chemistry: depsides, depsidones

Ramboldia

     

123(120:)

Asci of Fuscidea-type; paraphyses not conglutinate; asci and paraphyses easily separated in KOH; thallus rimose to verrucose; apothecia sessile or immersed, brown to black; proper exciple hyaline, brown at margin; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium brown; ascospores ellipsoidal to narrowly ellipsoidal, curved or straight; conidia ellipsoidal to bacilliform; chemistry: depsides, depsidones

Fuscidea

123:

Asci of Lecidea-type; paraphyses conglutinate, not easily separated in KOH; thallus continuous to areolate; apothecia sessile, dark brown to black; proper exciple hyaline, brown at margin; hypothecium hyaline to dark brown; epihymenium brown to greenish black; ascospores narrowly to broadly ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsides, depsidones

Lecidea s. lat.

     

124(117:)

Thallus subsquamulose to squamulose [see 119]

Phyllopsora

124:

Thallus crustose

125

     

125(124:)

Asci of Porpidia-type, with amyloid tube-like structures (generic concepts in need of revision)

126

125:

Asci of different types, lacking amyloid tube-like structures

132

     

126(125:)

Hypothecium hyaline to yellowish

127

126:

Hypothecium brown to black

129

     

127(126)

Apothecia sessile, dark brown to blackish, often with a bluish pruina; proper exciple internally hyaline; epihymenium brown to olive-brown; paraphyses anastomosing; ascospores ellipsoidal, halonate; conidia filiform to bacilliform; thallus areolate; chemistry: depsides, dibenzofurans, usnic acid

Poeltiaria

127:

Apothecia immersed

128

     

128(127:)

Spore walls brownish when mature; medulla non-amyloid; thallus areolate, brownish; apothecia blackish; proper exciple internally hyaline, externally blackish; epihymenium brown; paraphyses anastomosing; ascospores ellipsoidal, halonate; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: nil

Poeltidea perusta

128:

Spore walls remaining hyaline; medulla amyloid; thallus areolate, brownish; apothecia dark grey to blackish; proper exciple reduced, hyaline, brownish at margin of proper exciple; epihymenium blackish brown to greenish black; paraphyses anastomosing; ascospores ellipsoidal, halonate; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: orcinol depsides and ß-orcinol depsidones

Immersaria athroocarpa

     

129(126:)

Apothecial disc gyrose, with a striate margin; thallus thin, whitish to rusty red; apothecia blackish, constricted at base; proper exciple and hypothecium carbonaceous; epihymenium dark brown; paraphyses anastomosing; ascospores ellipsoidal, halonate; conidia filiform; chemistry: orcinol depsides

Stephanocyclos

129:

Apothecial disc smooth

130

     

130(129)

Apothecia immersed [see 128:]

Immersaria athroocarpa

130:

Apothecia sessile

131

     

131(130:)

Ascospores halonate; conidia bacilliform; thallus continuous to rimose or areolate, whitish, grey or rusty red; apothecia blackish; proper exciple and hypothecium carbonaceous; epihymenium orange-brown to carbonaceous; paraphyses branched and anastomosing; ascospores ellipsoidal; chemistry: depsides, depsidones, dibenzofurans

Porpidia

131:

Ascospores not halonate; conidia filiform; thallus rimose to areolate or verrucose, whitish or grey; apothecia blackish; proper exciple and hypothecium carbonaceous; epihymenium orange-brown to carbonaceous; paraphyses branched and anastomosing; ascospores ellipsoidal; chemistry: orcinol depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones

Paraporpidia

     

132(125:)

Apothecial disc umbonate to gyrose, blackish [see 115:]

Rimularia

132:

Apothecial disc not umbonate to gyrose

133

     

133(132)

Hypothecium dark brown to black or violet

134

133:

Hypothecium hyaline to pale brown

139

     

134(133)

Asci of Bacidia- or Lecanora-type, with a strongly amyloid tholus

135

134:

Asci of other types; tholus non-amyloid or only an amyloid cap visible

138

     

135(128)

Exciple completely carbonaceous; thallus areolate or immersed; apothecia black; proper exciple persistent; epihymenium blue-green; hypothecium yellowish or dark brown; paraphyses simple, capitate; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia filiform; chemistry: depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones

Carbonea

135:

Exciple hyaline to brown or dark brown, never completely carbonaceous

136

     

136(135:)

Asci of Lecanora-type; paraphyses and asci easily separated in KOH [see 122]

Lecidella

136:

Asci of Bacidia-type; paraphyses conglutinate

137

     

137(136:)

Hypothecium hyaline to pale brown; apothecial margins soon excluded; on mosses and soil; thallus papillose; apothecia sessile, subhemispherical; proper exciple well-developed, hyaline; epihymenium brownish; paraphyses branched; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia filiform; chemistry: orcinol depsides

Frutidella caesioatra

137:

Hypothecium brown to dark brown; apothecial margins persistent; on siliceous rocks [see 105]

Tephromela

     

138(134:)

Asci with a non-amyloid tholus; apothecia immersed to subimmersed; thallus rust-coloured, rimose-areolate; proper exciple well-developed, externally dark brown, internally hyaline; epihymenium dark grey to hyaline; paraphyses branched and anastomosing; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: ß-orcinol depsidones or nil

Tremolecia atrata

138:

Asci with a weakly amyloid tholus, or tholus with an amyloid cap; apothecia sessile to subimmersed; thallus not rust-coloured [see 123:]

Lecidea

     

139(133:)

Asci of Lecanora-type

140

139:

Asci of other types

146

     

140(139)

Apothecia immersed

141

140:

Apothecia sessile

142

     

141(140)

Paraphyses densely anastomosing; medulla dark brown; apothecial disc black; epihymenium brownish to bluish green; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses richly branched and anastomosing; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia unknown; chemistry: argopsin

Clauzadeana macula

141:

Paraphyses sparingly branched; medulla hyaline [see 108:]

Lecanora

     

142(140:)

Epihymenium brownish to red-brown [see 122:]

Ramboldia

142:

Epihymenium olivaceous, green to black

143

     

143(142)

Thallus yellowish green, containing usnic acid [see 108:]

Lecanora

143:

Thallus of various colours, not yellowish green, lacking usnic acid

144

     

144(143:)

Ascus tholus weakly amyloid; thallus continuous to areolate; apothecia biatorine; margins distinct; proper exciple hyaline or pigmented; paraphyses sparingly branched; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia filiform; chemistry: depsides and ß-orcinol depsidones

Miriquidica

144:

Ascus tholus strongly amyloid

145

     

145(144:)

Paraphyses branched; ascus wall thin [see 135]

Carbonea

145:

Paraphyses simple; ascus wall thick [see 122]

Lecidella

     

146(139:)

Asci of Fuscidea-type [see 123]

Fuscidea

146:

Asci of other types

147

     

147(146:)

Ascus tholus weakly amyloid or only with an amyloid cap [see 123:]

Lecidea

147:

Ascus tholus strongly amyloid, of Bacidia- or Catillaria-type

148

     

148(147:)

Asci of Catillaria-type; hypothecium brown to violet-brown; thallus with norstictic acid, areolate to bullate; apothecia sessile, blackish; proper exciple externally dark green, internally hyaline; epihymenium dark green; paraphyses branched and anastomosing; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: ß-orcinol depsidones

Austrolecia antarctica

148:

Asci of Bacidia-type; hypothecium hyaline to pale brown

149

     

149(147:)

Apothecia plane, margin persistent; thallus containing depsidones [see 57:]

Tylothallia pahiensis

149:

Apothecia subhemispherical; margin evanescent; thallus containing orcinol depsides [see 137]

Frutidella caesioatra

     

150(11:)

Mazaedium present; thallus immersed to superficial, verrucose to smooth, greyish green; ascomata sessile with a subdivided black mazaedium; thalline margin distinct; asci cylindrical, prototunicate; ascospores brown, broadly ellipsoidal, 2–4-septate; pycnidia unknown; chemistry: nil

Heterocyphelium leucampyx

150:

Mazaedium absent

151

     

151(150:)

Asci unitunicate; hymenium amyloid; paraphyses sparingly branched; thallus thin; apothecia sessile, blackish or brown; proper exciple of anastomosing hyphae; hypothecium hyaline, µinterspersed with oil droplets; asci of Bacidia-type; ascospores broadly ellipsoidal, halonate; conidia unknown; chemistry: unknown

Catinaria

151:

Asci bitunicate or unitunicate and hymenium non-amyloid, or asci unitunicate without tholus and hymenium amyloid; paraphyses simple or branched and µanstomosing

152

     

152(151:)

Paraphyses simple; hymenium amyloid or not; asci cylindrical, unitunicate; ascomata urceolate, apothecioid or perithecioid

153

152:

Paraphyses branched and µanastomosing; hymenium non-amyloid; asci non-amyloid or with a small amyloid plug, bitunicate; ascomata various

164

     

153 (152)

Mature ascospores thick-walled, with lenticular lumina

154

153: (152)

Mature ascospores thin-walled, with irregular or rhomboidal lumina

156

     

154(153)

True exciple dark-pigmented, lacking lateral paraphyses; thallus whitish, grey to greenish grey or brownish grey; apothecia usually opening by a discrete pore; central columella often present; asci usually 8-spored; ascospores hyaline or brown, narrowly to broadly ellipsoidal, transversely septate or muriform, I+ blue or I–; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: anthraquinones, depsides, depsidones

Ocellularia

154:

True exciple hyaline; lateral paraphyses present or absent

155

     

155(154:)

Lateral paraphyses present; thallus whitish, grey to greenish grey or brownish grey; apothecia opening by a pore, or urceolate or apothecioid; central columella absent; asci usually 8-spored; ascospores hyaline or brown, narrowly to broadly ellipsoidal, transversely septate or muriform, I+ blue or I–; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: anthraquinones, depsides, depsidones

Thelotrema

155:

Lateral paraphyses absent; thallus whitish, grey to greenish grey or brownish grey; apothecia usually opening by a discrete pore; central columella absent; asci usually 8-spored; ascospores hyaline or brown, narrowly to broadly ellipsoidal, transversely septate to muriform, I+ blue or I–; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: anthraquinones, depsides, depsidones, lichexanthone

Myriotrema

     

156(153:)

Apothecia stipitate, subglobose to obconical, opening by a terminal pore; thallus whitish, continuous; proper exciple cupular, hyaline or brown, sometimes with hyaline periphyses; disc urceolate; asci cylindroclavate, 6–8-spored, with a thin wall and apex, I–; ascospores ellipsoidal-fusiform, 3–9-septate, I–; conidia not known; chemistry: depsidones

Pseudoramonia richeae

156:

Apothecia innate to sessile, not stipitate

157

     

157(156:)

Ascospores filiform

158

157:

Ascospores ellipsoidal, oblong or fusiform

159

     

158(157)

Apothecia cylindrical, black, sessile; disc urceolate; opening dentate; ascospores with 20–100 transverse septa; thallus filamentous (at least at margin), whitish; proper exciple cupulate, blackish; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium hyaline; asci cylindrical; conidia unknown; chemistry: unknown

Conotremopsis weberiana

158:

Apothecia globose, perithecioid, red-brown, sessile; disc hidden; opening by an apical pore; ascospores with 11–21 transverse septa; apices hooked apices; thallus crustose, pale grey-green to medium orange-green; proper exciple yellowish-green to dark red-brown; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium not apparent; asci elongate-clavate; conidia unknown; chemistry: unknown

Belonia uncinata

     

159(157:)

Proper exciple and hypothecium carbonaceous; epihymenium brown-granular; apothecia appearing lecideine, constricted at the base; paraphyses with some anastomoses; thallus pale yellowish brown; apothecial disc blackish, brownish-pruinose; hymenium and asci non-amyloid; ascospores brown, submuriform to muriform, I+ violet; conidia unknown; chemistry: nil

Gyrostomum scyphuliferum

159:

Proper exciple and hypothecium not carbonaceous; epihymenium not brown-granular

160

     

160(159:)

Disc of mature apothecia plane and adnate, or plane to convex and apothecia sessile

161

160:

Disc of mature apothecia urceolate, or apothecia perithecioid

162

     

161(160)

Apothecia immersed but erumpent; opening by radial or tangential fissures; margins greyish, formed by exfoliating recurved triangular lobes; thallus thin, smooth to rugulose, whitish, pale grey or greenish; proper exciple ring-like, open only at the base; disc grey to pinkish brown, dark orange or brownish-black; faintly pruinose or not; asci cylindrical, 1–8-spored, non-amyloid; ascospores transversely septate to muriform, fusiform to broadly ellipsoidal; conidia unknown; chemistry: depsidones or nil

Chroodiscus

161:

Apothecia pale yellow, sessile, biatorine; proper exciple hyaline to yellowish, pseudoparenchymatous; thallus crustose, effuse and thin, or byssoid and loosely felted, pale grey to greenish grey or green; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium hyaline; asci cylindrical, 8-spored, non-amyloid; ascospores 1–2-septate, fusiform to ellipsoidal; conidia ellipsoidal; chemistry: nil

Coenogonium

     

162(160:)

Lateral paraphyses and periphyses absent; proper exciple paraplectenchymatous; thallus thin, grey; apothecia sessile; proper exciple hyaline to yellowish; disc pale to deep orange, often glossy; epihymenium hyaline; asci cylindrical, amyloid; ascospores 3-septate to muriform, fusiform to ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: nil

Gyalecta jenensis

162:

Lateral paraphyses or periphyses present

163

     

163(162:)

Apothecia immersed to erumpent; thallus immersed and not visible or episubstratic and grey; disc pink to greyish white; proper exciple hyaline to brown; epihymenium hyaline; asci clavate to cylindrical, (2–) 8 (–180)-spored, µnon-amyloid; ascospores 1-septate to muriform, <100 µm long, fusiform to ellipsoidal; conidia unknown; chemistry: nil

Ramonia

163:

Apothecia sessile to subimmersed, subglobose to barrel-shaped, often perithecioid, opening by an apical pore or apex gaping; disc dark grey-brown or not apparent; thallus crustose, sometimes evanescent; proper exciple hyaline to brown; asci cylindrical, thin-walled, non-amyloid, with a thickened apex when young, 1–2 (–4)-spored; ascospores muriform, >100 µm long (Australian spp.); conidia unknown; chemistry: depsidones or nil

Topeliopsis

     

164(152)

Asci weakly aggregated in clusters or µscattered on the thallus, not in well-defined ascomata, broadly clavate, subglobose or ovoid

165

164:

Asci aggregated in well-defined ascomata, cylindrical

166

     

165(164)

Ascospores muriform; thallus crustose to byssoid, whitish to grey or reddish; paraphysoids densely branched and interwoven; asci subglobose to ovoid; ascospores ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal, hyaline; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: orcinol depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones, naphthoquinones

Cryptothecia

165:

Ascospores with transverse septa only [see 180]

Eremothecella macrocephala

     

166(164:)

Paraphyses weakly anastomosing; hymenial elements easily separated in KOH

167

166:

Paraphyses strongly anastomosing; hymenial elements conglutinate in KOH

168

     

167(166)

Ascospores hooked, 3-septate, obovate; thallus byssoid, greyish green, C+ red; ascomata apothecioid to lirelliform, black; hypothecium black; epihymenium pale brown, granular; conidia unknown; chemistry: orcinol depsides (gyrophoric acid)

Ancistrosporella australiensis

167:

Ascospores not hooked, multiseptate, acicular, sometimes separating into part-spores in the ascus; thallus crustose, grey, immersed or thin and superficial, C–; ascomata sessile, black or blackish brown; proper exciple externally dark red-brown, internally pale brown; epihymenium pale brown to brown; hypothecium hyaline; conidia bacilliform to ellipsoidal; chemistry: nil

Bactrospora

     

168(166:)

Thallus byssoid

169

168:

Thallus crustose

172

     

169(168)

Ascomata perithecioid

170

169:

Ascomata apothecioid

171

     

170(169)

Ascospores biclavate or hooked, 4–10-septate, curved or µstraight; thallus grey to greenish, sometimes sparsely squamulose, with or without soralia or isidia; prothallus distinct; ascomata in elevated stromata with constricted bases; exciple K+ blackish; asci cylindrical to clavate; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: ß-orcinol depsidones

Dichosporidium

170:

Ascospores obovate, 8–15-septate, curved or µstraight; thallus grey to greenish grey, lacking soralia and isidia; prothallus distinct; ascomata in stromata with constricted bases; exciple not K+ blackish; asci cylindrical to clavate; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: orcinol depsides

Streimannia varieseptata

     

171(169:)

Medulla white; ascospores 5–6-septate, fusiform; thallus whitish to yellowish white; ascomata emergent, subglobose with blackish discs, white-pruinose; conidia unknown; chemistry: chromones, dibenzofurans, orcinol depsides

Sagenidium molle

171:

Medulla brown to dark brown; ascospores 3–4-septate, bacilliform; thallus orange to greenish grey; ascomata globose, opening at a circular disc; asci clavate; conidia unknown; chemistry: ß-orcinol depsidones

Sagenidiopsis merrotsii

     

172(168:)

Medulla with red pigment (chiodectonic acid); thallus crustose to subsquamulose, greenish, with whitish pruina; paraphysoids richly branched; asci clavate; ascospores 5–7-septate, biclavate, hyaline; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: aliphatic acids, unknowns

Erythrodecton malacum

172:

Medulla lacking red pigment

173

     

173(172:)

Epihymenium pruinose, brown, granular; thallus white to whitish grey; ascomata apothecial, elongated or circular; asci clavate; ascospores fusiform, 3-septate; conidia bacilliform to filiform; chemistry: aliphatic acids and atranorin (accessory)

Schismatomma

173:

Epihymenium epruinose

174

     

174(173:)

Ascomata perithecioid, in stromata; thallus greyish to greenish grey or brownish; paraphysoids branched; asci clavate; ascospores obovate, curved or straight, hyaline; conidia filiform; chemistry: aliphatic acids and unknowns

Chiodecton

174:

Ascomata apothecioid, not in stromata

175

     

175(174)

Ascospores biclavate to spermatozoid, 2–3-septate; thallus grey or greenish grey; ascomata distinctly elevated, with a persistent thalline margin; asci clavate; conidia filiform; chemistry: aliphatic acids, ß-orcinol depsidones

Graphidastra multiformis

175:

Ascospores fusiform

176

     

176(175:)

Ascomata with a poorly developed exciple, brown at apical part of margin, otherwise hyaline; thallus white; asci clavate; ascospores fusiform; conidia unknown; chemistry: unknown

Enterographa

176:

Ascomata with a well-developed exciple

177

     

177(176:)

Exciple containing crystals; thallus crustose to leprose; asci clavate; ascospores fusiform; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: orcinol depsides or nil

Cresponea plurilocularis

177:

Exciple lacking crystals

178

     

178(177:)

Ascomata orbicular; asci of abietina-type; thallus crustose; asci clavate; ascospores fusiform; conidia bacilliform to filiform; chemistry: orcinol depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones, dibenzofurans

Lecanactis

178:

Ascomata lirellate to somewhat rounded; asci of grumulosa-type; thallus crustose; asci clavate; ascospores ellipsoidal to fusiform; conidia bacilliform to filiform; chemistry: anthraquinones, orcinol depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones

Lecanographa microcarpella

     

179(1:)

Asci weakly aggregated in whitish clusters or scattered on the thallus, not in well-defined ascomata (often inconspicuous)

180

179:

Ascomata aggregated in well-defined ascomata

181

     

180(179)

Ascospores (9–) 11-septate, with larger apical and basal cells, 52–74 × 8–15 µm; thallus thin, white to greyish green, often with white concentric zones, C–; photobiont Phycopeltis; fertile parts white, soft, round, 0.4–0.9 mm diam.; asci 6–8-spored, interspersed with loose hyphae

Eremothecella macrocephala

180:

Ascospores muriform, with wavy septa, 40–60 × 17–25 µm; thallus thin, whitish grey to grey, without white concentric zones, C+ red; photobiont Trentepohlia-like; fertile parts scattered, whitish, soft, irregular, to 0.5 mm wide; asci 1-spored, interspersed with paraphysoids and algae

Cryptothecia inexpectata

     

181(179:)

Thallus byssoid

182

181:

Thallus crustose, effuse to determinate

183

     

182(181)

Thallus white or pale yellow; apothecia sessile, pale cream to pinkish and convex to subglobose, sometimes lacking; exciple absent or excluded from a very early stage; epihymenium pale yellow-brown; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses sparingly branched; asci of Micarea-type, with a distinct tholus; ascospores simple, globose

Roccellinastrum

182:

Thallus µgreen; apothecia sessile, pale yellowish, concave; proper exciple hyaline to yellowish, pseudoparenchymatous; epihymenium hyaline; hypothecium hyaline; asci of Bacidia-type, lacking a tholus; ascospores 1-septate, fusiform to ellipsoidal

Coenogonium curvulum

     

183(181:)

Ascomata immersed in the thallus or in thalline swellings, or not distinctly raised above the thallus surface; if ascomata sessile, then with a distinct thalline margin

184

183:

Ascomata superficial on the thallus, constricted at the base or not, lacking a thalline component

192

     

184(183)

Apothecia linear, curved, undulate or branched, 0.5–1 mm long, 0.15–0.2 mm wide, slightly raised, predominantly yellowish brown or pale brown; disc narrow, medium brown; hypothecium pale; paraphyses anastomosing; ascospores hyaline, fusiform, 7-septate, 21–29 × 4–5 µm, thickly halonate

Enterographa bella

184:

Apothecia round, triangular or quadrangular in outline

185

     

185(184:)

Apothecia usually triangular or quadrangular in outline, with a thick black carbonaceous exciple lateral to the hymenium; thallus continuous, ecorticate; hypothecium pale brown; paraphyses thin, anastomosing; asci unitunicate, thin-walled, 2–8-spored; ascospores hyaline, thin-walled, 3–8 septate

Aulaxina

185:

Apothecia µround in outline, not angular; exciple, if present, not thick, black and carbonaceous

186

     

186(185:)

Ascomatal exciple covered by a thin thalline layer that slopes gently outwards; disc greyish black to black; exciple thin, dark; hymenium non-amyloid, I+ reddish; hypothecium usually with a dark basal layer; thallus grey, greyish green or brownish grey, smooth, verruculose or with radiating ridges, glabrous, pilose or tomentose; algae Phycopeltis; asci clavate, thin-walled, 8-spored; paraphyses anastomosing; ascospores hyaline, fusiform, 3–7-septate, 10–38 × 3–6 µm, usually with one subapical cell larger than the others

Mazosia

186:

Ascomata without a sloping thallus layer covering the excipulum; disc not greyish black to black, or if very dark then apothecium emarginate and µflush with the thallus surface

187

     

187(186:)

Ascomata emarginate, µflush with the thallus surface

188

187:

Ascomata immersed in the thallus, or with a distinct thalline rim

189

     

188(187)

Paraphyses branched and anastomosing; ascospores 3–27-septate or muriform, hyaline; apical cell not enlarged; thallus pale grey or greenish grey, rugose or verrucose, sometimes with white hyphophores; photobiont chlorococcoid; apothecia plane, pale brown to dark brown or yellowish brown, subtended by algae; exciple reduced; asci 1–8-spored

Echinoplaca

188:

Paraphyses indistinct; ascospores 1–3 (–7)-septate, hyaline to brown, often with an enlarged apical cell; exciple absent; ascomata linear, stellate or rounded; disc usually plane and bluish green or red-brown to black; thallus thin, greenish, continuous; photobiont Trentepohlia; asci subglobose to ovoid

Arthonia

     

189(187:)

Asci (2–) 8-spored; ascospores with 1–15 transverse septa, occasionally some cells of a multiseptate spore with 1 or 2 longitudinal divisions

190

189:

Asci 1-spored; ascospores muriform

191

     

190(189)

Paraphyses simple; photobiont Phycopeltis; thallus thin, smooth to rugulose, pale grey or greenish, lacking sterile hairs; apothecia immersed but erumpent, 0.15–0.7 mm diam.; disc grey (K+ yellow) to dark orange (K+ purple), pruinose or not; margins grey, formed by recurved triangular lobes; asci and hymenium non-amyloid; ascospores usually 1–5-septate

Chroodiscus

190:

Paraphyses branched and anastomosing; photobiont chlorococcoid; thallus thin, smooth to minutely uneven, whitish, grey-green or green, with or without sterile whitish or yellowish hairs; apothecia immersed in the thallus to sessile but surrounded by thalline tissues, 0.15–0.7 mm diam.; disc urceolate, concave or plane, white, yellowish brown, yellowish grey or dark grey; proper exciple thin; hymenium non-amyloid; hypothecium hyaline to yellowish; ascospores ellipsoidal, oblong or cylindrical, 1–15-septate

Calenia

     

191(189:)

Epihymenium containing algae; thallus lacking sterile hairs, thin to thick, smooth to verrucose, whitish to greenish grey; apothecia immersed or slightly prominent, 2–10 (–20) per thallus, 0.1–0.4 mm diam.; disc plane to slightly concave, grey, yellowish grey or green-grey; margin concolorous or a little paler; hymenium non-amyloid; ascospores ellipsoidal, 30–60 × 10–20 µm

Gyalectidium

191:

Epihymenium not containing algae; thallus usually with whitish sterile hairs, thin and uneven or comprising convex inflated patches, white, pale grey or greenish white; apothecia immersed in thalline warts or singly in inflated patches, 0.2–0.5 mm diam.; disc concave, white, yellowish or brownish; margin prominent and thin, or µflat and thick, usually ragged or broken; hymenium non-amyloid; ascospores ellipsoidal or oblong, 40–80 × 12–32 µm

Bullatina

     

192(183:)

Paraphyses simple to very sparingly branched

193

192:

Paraphyses anastomosing; if paraphyses richly branched but with few anastomoses, see Lasioloma (206)

203

     

193(192)

Ascospores muriform; asci 1 (–4)-spored; apothecial disc plane to slightly convex, pale to dark brown or black; hymenium amyloid; hypothecium pale brown to dark-aeruginose; ascospores cylindrical to ovoid

Calopadia

193:

Ascospores with transverse septa only; asci usually 8-spored

194

     

194(193:)

Apothecia with a white, yellowish brown or pale brown byssoid margin that sometimes spreads over the adjacent thallus; thallus smooth to farinose, pale grey, pale to dark grey-green or bluish grey; apothecia adnate to sessile, 0.1–0.7 mm diam.; disc usually plane, pale grey-brown to black; exciple of loose hyphae, often encrusted with K-soluble crystals; hymenium amyloid; ascospores 3 (–7)-septate, 9–20 × 2.5–4 µm

Byssoloma

194:

Apothecia with a non-byssoid margin

195

     

195(194)

Hymenium I– or I+ yellowish brown

196

195:

Hymenium I+ blue

197

     

196(195)

Ascospores 1 (–2)-septate; ascus apex thin-walled; thallus effuse, pale grey to greenish grey; apothecia sessile, biatorine, 0.2–1.5 mm diam., pale yellow to orange-brown; proper exciple hyaline to yellowish, pseudoparenchymatous; hypothecium hyaline; asci cylindrical, Bacidia-type; ascospores fusiform to ellipsoidal; conidia ellipsoidal

Coenogonium

196:

Ascospores 3 (–5)-septate; ascus apex with a distinct tholus; thallus thin, effuse; apothecia biatorine or zeorine, 0.1–0.15 mm diam., pale yellow-brown; proper exciple of radiating hyphae; hypothecium hyaline; ascospores ellipsoidal; 13–25 × 3.5–4.5 µm

Gyalidea epiphylla

     

197(195:)

Ascospores elongate-clavate, 24–60 × 1–3.5 µm, 3–7-septate; thallus farinose to granulose, pale grey to dark grey-green; apothecia sessile, 0.1–0.5 mm diam., pale pink or pale orange to reddish brown; disc plane to convex, epruinose; proper exciple well-developed; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses sparsely branched

Bacidina

197:

Ascospores ellipsoidal, bacilliform or fusiform, less than 25 µm long

198

     

198(197:)

Ascospores 12–20 × 1.5–2.5 µm, 3-septate, bacilliform; thallus effuse, brown; apothecia 0.2–0.3 mm diam; disc plane, dark brown to black; margin thin, whitish, smooth; hypothecium dark brown to black; paraphyses simple, coherent

Semigyalecta paradoxa

198:

Ascospores (2.5–) 3–6 µm wide

199

     

199(198:)

Exciple encrusted with KOH-soluble crystals

200

199:

Exciple lacking KOH-soluble crystals

201

     

200(199)

Thallus with whitish membranous concave campylidia, each with 2 marginal cilia; thallus grey-green, inconspicuous; apothecia 0.25–0.38 mm diam., basally constricted; disc plane, pale brown; exciple whitish, parenchymatous; hypothecium hyaline; asci (4–) 8-spored; ascospores mostly 3-septate, 14–21 × 4.5–6 µm; campylospores 1-septate, ellipsoidal to bacilliform

Badimiella pteridophylla

200:

Thallus lacking campylidia; continuous, smooth to farinose, greenish grey; apothecia basally constricted, 0.2–0.45 mm diam.; disc plane to slightly convex, medium to dark brown; exciple thin, white, minutely downy; hyphae becoming lax in K; hypothecium pale brown; asci 8-spored; ascospores 3 (–5)-septate, 12–19 × 3–4.5 µm

Byssoloma subundulatum

     

201(199:)

Thallus with off-white to pale green half-moon-shaped campylidia; campylospores filiform with hooked ends and secund appendages; thallus verrucose, pale green to bluish grey; apothecia 0.3–0.8 mm diam., basally constricted; disc plane to slightly convex, yellowish brown; margin thin, µconcolorous; hypothecium pale; paraphyses with thickened apices; ascospores 3-septate, 12–16 × 3–5 µm

Badimia polillensis

201:

Thallus lacking campylidia

202

     

202(201:)

Asci of Fellhanera-type; ascospores 1–7-septate, 10–26 × 2.5–6 µm; thallus smooth, farinose, granulose or verrucose, whitish, pale grey, pale bluish grey, grey-green or grey-brown; apothecia sessile, 0.1–0.8 mm diam.; disc plane to convex, pale grey, yellowish, orange-brown to dark brown; margin thin, often inconspicuous but paler than disc; hypothecium hyaline to brown or brownish red

Fellhanera

202:

Asci of Lecanora-type; ascospores 7-septate, 22–30 × 3–4 µm; thallus pale greenish grey, with pale yellowish brown verruculae; apothecia sessile, 0.3–0.5 mm diam.; disc plane, dark brown to blackish; margin thin, often inconspicuous and paler than disc; hypothecium dark brown

Bacidina mastothallina

     

203(192:)

Thallus with black or white 0.5–1 mm long sterile hairs, smooth, white, pale grey or pale grey-green; apothecia sessile, 0.15–0.5 mm diam.; disc plane to deeply concave, pale to dark brown, or yellow; margin thin or rather thick, concolorous with the disc or darker; hypothecium hyaline; hymenium I–; asci 1-spored; ascospores 32–71 × 15–28 µm

Tricharia

203:

Thallus lacking sterile hairs

204

     

204(203:)

Ascospores 3-septate, 10–14 × 3.5–5 µm; thallus pale grey; apothecia somewhat cup-like, 0.2–0.3 mm diam., strongly basally constricted; disc plane to slightly convex, pinkish to brown-red; proper exciple thick, whitish to pale reddish, continuous below hymenium; hypothecium pale brown; asci 8-spored; campylospores simple, elongate-ellipsoidal

Loflammia gabrielis

204:

Ascospores muriform

205

     

205(204:)

Hymenium and ascus apex I–; asci 2–8-spored; thallus thin, effuse, often with hyphophores; apothecia biatorine, brown to blackish; proper exciple of anastomosing hyphae; hypothecium hyaline; ascospores ellipsoidal

Gyalideopsis

205:

Hymenium and ascus apex I+ blue

206

     

206(205:)

Apothecial margin with horizontally projecting hairs to 0.2 mm long; apothecia 0.3–0.7 mm diam., basally constricted; disc plane to convex, brownish grey to black; margin paler; hypothecium dark brown; epihymenium pale yellowish; paraphyses sparingly anastomosing; asci thick-walled, 1-spored; ascospores 70–105 × 20–35 µm; campylidia present; campylospores branched, multiseptate; thallus white to greenish grey, on a grey loosely arachnoid hypothallus

Lasioloma arachnoideum

206:

Apothecial margin lacking hairs

207

     

207(206:)

Asci 4-spored; campylospores 3-septate, elongate, usually curved or S-shaped; thallus smooth, greyish white to grey-green; prothallus grey; apothecia 0.3–0.8 mm diam., basally constricted; disc black, plane to strongly convex; exciple thin, black, continuous below hypothecium; hypothecium dark purple-brown; hymenium with purple-brown streaks; ascospores narrowly ellipsoidal to cylindrical, 50–100 × 9–17 µm

Tapellaria phyllophila

207:

Asci almost exclusively 1-spored; campylospores simple, ellipsoidal or subglobose

208

     

208(207:)

Epihymenium containing algae

209

208:

Epihymenium not containing algae

210

     

209(208)

Exciple well-developed; apothecial margin conspicuous, pruinose or not, smooth or uneven; thallus minutely farinose or verruculose, pale grey-green, bluish grey or yellowish, composed or µglobose cells; apothecia mostly 0.3–7 mm diam.; disc plane to convex, pale to dark brown or yellow; ascospores 60–110 × 14–24 µm

Sporopodium

209:

Exciple reduced; apothecial margin inconspicuous; thallus smooth, pale yellowish grey, with a blackish prothallus; apothecia yellowish brown, convex, 0.2–0.4 mm diam.; ascospores 50–72 × 14–18 µm

Logilvia gilva

     

210(208:)

Apothecia bright red, 0.3–0.5 mm diam., strongly basally constricted; disc plane; proper exciple thick, continuous below hymenium; thallus pale grey; campylidia reddish in upper part

Loflammia epiphylla

210:

Apothecia dark bluish-grey to µblack, 0.19–0.32 mm diam., not basally constricted; disc convex; proper exciple thin, inconspicuous, not continuous below hymenium; thallus white to pale grey; campylidia pale bluish grey to dark grey

Kantvilasia hians

 
 
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